Discussion: View Thread

Dear colleagues,

We are conducting a meta-analysis on personal and situational factors of dishonesty. We are in particular interested in comparing the responding behavior across four different, yet prominent experimental paradigms: sender–receiver games, coin-flip tasks, die-roll tasks, and matrix tasks.

So far, our database contains all scientific manuscripts, which cited the seminal investigations that introduced the experimental paradigms. To make sure that we include all relevant manuscript in the analysis — published or unpublished — we ask you to share your manuscript with us if your study fulfills all of the following criteria:
* The experimental paradigm was a sender–receiver game (Gneezy, 2005), a coin-flip task (Bucciol & Piovesan, 2011), a die-roll task (Fischbacher & Heusi, 2008) or a matrix task (Mazar, Amir, & Ariely, 2008).
* Participants responded only once (one-shot situation)
* Outcomes were incentivized
* There was no sanctioning mechanism for being detected as a liar, in cases were such detection was possible.
* Your study is missing in the list* below.

We are interested in the participants’ socio-demographics (gender, age, student sample, study major) as well as situational aspects (e.g., incentive size, setting of the study).

We thank you very much for any published or unpublished study that you want to nominate for this analysis.


Philipp Gerlach, Kinnneret Teodorescu & Ralph Hertwig

Please respond to: pgerlach@mpib-berlin.mpg.de





*List of studies we have integrated so far:

Abeler, J., Becker, A., & Falk, A. (2014). Representative evidence on lying costs. Journal of Public Economics, 113, 96–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2014.01.005

Angelova, V., & Regner, T. (2013). Do voluntary payments to advisors improve the quality of financial advice? An experimental deception game. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 93, 205–218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2013.03.022

Aoki, K., Akai, K., & Onoshiro, K. (2013). An apology for lying (ISER Discussion Paper). Retrieved from http://econpapers.repec.org/paper/dprwpaper/0786.htm

Arbel, Y., Bar-El, R., Siniver, E., & Tobol, Y. (2014). Roll a die and tell a lie: What affects honesty? Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 107, 153–172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2014.08.009

Biziou-van-Pol, L., Haenen, J., Novaro, A., Liberman, A. O., & Capraro, V. (2015). Does telling white lies signal pro-social preferences? Judgment and Decision Making, 10(6), 538–548.

Bucciol, A., & Piovesan, M. (2011). Luck or cheating? A field experiment on honesty with children. Journal of Economic Psychology, 32(1), 73–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2010.12.001

Burks, S. V, & Krupka, E. L. (2012). A multimethod approach to identifying norms and normative expectations within a corporate hierarchy. Evidence from the financial services industry. Management Science, 58(1), 203–217. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.1110.1478

Cadsby, C. B., Du, N., & Song, F. (2016). In-group favoritism and moral decision-making. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 128, 59–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2016.05.008

Cai, W., Huang, X., Wu, S., & Kou, Y. (2015). Dishonest behavior is not affected by an image of watching eyes. Evolution and Human Behavior, 36(2), 110–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2014.09.007

Cappelen, A. W., Sørensen, E. Ø., & Tungodden, B. (2013). When do we lie? Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 93, 258–265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2013.03.037

Childs, J. (2012). Gender differences in lying. Economics Letters, 114(2), 147–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2011.10.006

Childs, J. (2013). Personal characteristics and lying. An experimental investigation. Economics Letters, 121(3), 425–427. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2013.09.005

Chou, E. Y. (2015). What’s in a name? The toll e-signatures take on individual honesty. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 61, 84–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2015.07.010

Clot, S., Grolleau, G., & Ibanez, L. (2014). Smug alert! Exploring self-licensing behavior in a cheating game. Economics Letters, 123(2), 191–194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2014.01.039

Cohen, T. R., Gunia, B. C., Kim-Jun, S. Y., & Murnighan, J. K. (2009). Do groups lie more than individuals? Honesty and deception as a function of strategic self-interest. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45(6), 1321–1324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2009.08.007

Cohen, T. R., Wolf, S. T., Panter, A. T., & Insko, C. A. (2011). Introducing the GASP scale. A new measure of guilt and shame proneness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 100(5), 947–966. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022641

Conrads, J., Ellenberger, M., Irlenbusch, B., Ohms, E. N., Rilke, R. M., & Walkowitz, G. (2016). Team goal incentives and individual lying behavior. Die Betriebswirtschaft, 76(1), 103–123.

Conrads, J., Irlenbusch, B., Rilke, R. M., Schielke, A., & Walkowitz, G. (2014). Honesty in tournaments. Economics Letters, 123(1), 90–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2014.01.026

Conrads, J., Irlenbusch, B., Rilke, R. M., & Walkowitz, G. (2013). Lying and team incentives. Journal of Economic Psychology, 34, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2012.10.011

Conrads, J., & Lotz, S. (2015). The effect of communication channels on dishonest behavior. Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics, 58, 88–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socec.2015.06.006

Dai, Z., Galeotti, F., & Villeval, M. C. (2016). Cheating in the lab predicts fraud in the field. An experiment in public transportations. Management Science, Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2016.2616

Dieckmann, A., Grimm, V., Unfried, M., Utikal, V., & Valmasoni, L. (2016). On trust in honesty and volunteering among Europeans. Cross-country evidence on perceptions and behavior. European Economic Review, 19, 225–253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2016.01.011

Dreber, A., & Johannesson, M. (2008). Gender differences in deception. Economics Letters, 99(1), 197–199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2007.06.027

Dubois, D., Rucker, D. D., & Galinsky, A. D. (2015). Social class, power, and selfishness: When and why upper and lower class individuals behave unethically. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 108(3), 436–449. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspi0000008

Erat, S. (2013). Avoiding lying. The case of delegated deception. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 93, 273–278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2013.03.035

Erat, S., & Gneezy, U. (2012). White lies. Management Science, 58(4), 723–733. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.1110.1449

Faravelli, M., Friesen, L., & Gangadharan, L. (2015). Selection, tournaments, and dishonesty. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 110, 160–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2014.10.019

Fischbacher, U., & Föllmi-Heusi, F. (2013). Lies in disguise. An experimental study on cheating. Journal of the European Economic Association, 11(3), 525–547. https://doi.org/10.1111/jeea.12014

Fosgaard, T. R., Hansen, L. G., & Piovesan, M. (2013). Separating will from grace. An experiment on conformity and awareness in cheating. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 93, 279–284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2013.03.027

Friesen, L., & Gangadharan, L. (2012). Individual level evidence of dishonesty and the gender effect. Economics Letters, 117(3), 624–626. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2012.08.005

Gächter, S., & Schulz, J. F. (2016). Intrinsic honesty and the prevalence of rule violations across societies. Nature, 531(7595), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature17160

Gamliel, E., & Peer, E. (2013). Explicit risk of getting caught does not affect unethical behavior. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 43(6), 1281–1288. https://doi.org/10.1111/jasp.12091

Gino, F., & Ariely, D. (2011). The dark side of creativity. Original thinkers can be more dishonest. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 102(3), 445–459. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026406

Gino, F., Ayal, S., & Ariely, D. (2009). Contagion and differentiation in unethical behavior. The effect of one bad apple on the barrel. Psychological Science, 20(3), 393–8. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02306.x

Gino, F., Ayal, S., & Ariely, D. (2013). Self-serving altruism? The lure of unethical actions that benefit others. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 93, 285–292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2013.04.005

Gino, F., & Galinsky, A. D. (2012). Vicarious dishonesty. When psychological closeness creates distance from one’s moral compass. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 119(1), 15–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2012.03.011

Gino, F., Krupka, E. L., & Weber, R. A. (2013). License to cheat. Voluntary regulation and ethical behavior. Management Science, 59(10), 2187–2203. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.1120.1699

Gino, F., & Margolis, J. D. (2011). Bringing ethics into focus. How regulatory focus and risk preferences influence (un)ethical behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 115(2), 145–156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2011.01.006

Gino, F., Norton, M. I., & Ariely, D. (2010). The counterfeit self. The deceptive costs of faking it. Psychological Science, 20(10), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797610366545

Gino, F., Schweitzer, M. E., Mead, N. L., & Ariely, D. (2011). Unable to resist temptation. How self-control depletion promotes unethical behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 115(2), 191–203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2011.03.001

Gino, F., & Wiltermuth, S. S. (2014). Evil genius? How dishonesty can lead to greater creativity. Psychological Science, 25(4), 973–981. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797614520714

Gneezy, U. (2005). Deception: The role of consequences. The American Economic Review, 95(1), 384–394. https://doi.org/10.1257/0002828053828662

Gravert, C. (2013). How luck and performance affect stealing. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 93, 301–304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2013.03.026

Grolleau, G., Kocher, M. G., & Sutan, A. (2016). Cheating and loss aversion. Do people cheat more to avoid a loss? Management Science, 62(12), 3428–3438. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2015.2313

Gu, J., Zhong, C.-B., & Page-Gould, E. (2013). Listen to your heart. When false somatic feedback shapes moral behavior. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 142(2), 307–312. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029549

Gunia, B. C., Barnes, C. M., & Sah, S. (2014). The morality of larks and owls. Unethical behavior depends on chronotype as well as time of day. Psychological Science, 25(12), 2272–2274. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797614541989

Gunia, B. C., Wang, L., Huang, L., Wang, J., & Murnighan, J. K. (2012). Contemplation and conversation. Subtle influences on moral decision making. Academy of Management Journal, 55(1), 13–33. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2009.0873

Gylfason, H. F., Arnardottir, A. A., & Kristinsson, K. (2013). More on gender differences in lying. Economics Letters, 119(1), 94–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2013.01.027

Gylfason, H. F., Halldorsson, F., & Kristinsson, K. (2016). Personality in Gneezy’s cheap talk game. The interaction between honesty-humility and extraversion in predicting deceptive behavior. Personality and Individual Differences, 96, 222–226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.02.075

Hershfield, H. E., Cohen, T. R., & Thompson, L. (2012). Short horizons and tempting situations: Lack of continuity to our future selves leads to unethical decision making and behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 117(2), 298–310. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2011.11.002

Hilbig, B. E., & Hessler, C. M. (2013). What lies beneath. How the distance between truth and lie drives dishonesty. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 49(2), 263–266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2012.11.010

Hilbig, B. E., & Zettler, I. (2015). When the cat’s away, some mice will play. A basic trait account of dishonest behavior. Journal of Research in Personality, 57, 72–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2015.04.003

Hildreth, J. A. D., Gino, F., & Bazerman, M. (2016). Blind loyalty? When group loyalty makes us see evil or engage in it. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 132, 16–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2015.10.001

Houser, D., List, J. A., Piovesan, M., Samek, A., & Winter, J. (2016). Dishonesty: From parents to children. European Economic Review, 82, 242–254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2015.11.003

Houser, D., Vetter, S., & Winter, J. (2012). Fairness and cheating. European Economic Review, 56(8), 1645–1655. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2012.08.001

Hugh-Jones, D. (2016). Honesty, beliefs about honesty, and economic growth in 15 countries. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 127, 99–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2016.04.012

Hurkens, S., & Kartik, N. (2009). Would I lie to you? On social preferences and lying aversion. Experimental Economics, 12(2), 180–192. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10683-008-9208-2

Innes, R., & Mitra, I. (2013). Is dishonesty contagious? Economic Inquiry, 51(1), 722–734. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-7295.2012.00470.x

Jacobsen, C., & Piovesan, M. (2015). Tax me if you can. An artifactual field experiment on dishonesty. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 124, 7–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2015.09.009

Kilduff, G., Galinksy, A., Gallo, E., & Reade, J. (2015). Whatever it takes to win: Rivalry increases unethical behavior. Academy of Management Journal, 59(5), 1508–1534. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2014.0545

Kouchaki, M., Gino, F., & Jami, A. (2014). The burden of guilt. Heavy backpacks, light snacks, and enhanced morality. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 143(1), 414–424. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0031769

Kouchaki, M., Smith-Crowe, K., Brief, A. P., & Sousa, C. (2013). Seeing green. Mere exposure to money triggers a business decision frame and unethical outcomes. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 121(1), 53–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2012.12.002

Kouchaki, M., & Smith, I. H. (2014). The morning morality effect. The influence of time of day on unethical behavior. Psychological Science, 25(1), 95–102. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797613498099

Kouchaki, M., & Wareham, J. (2015). Excluded and behaving unethically. Social exclusion, physiological responses, and unethical behavior. Journal of Applied Psychology, 100(2), 547–556. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038034

Lammers, J., Stapel, D. A., & Galinsky, A. D. (2010). Power increases hypocrisy. Moralizing in reasoning, immorality in behavior. Psychological Science, 21(5), 737–44. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797610368810

Lee, J. J., Gino, F., Jin, E. S., Rice, L. K., & Josephs, R. A. (2015). Hormones and ethics. Understanding the biological basis of unethical conduct. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 144(5), 891–897. https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0000099

Lee, J. J., Im, D. K., Parmar, B. L., & Gino, F. (2015). Thick as thieves? Dishonest behavior and egocentric social networks (Harvard Business School NOM Unit Working Paper). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00138862

López-Pérez, R., & Spiegelman, E. (2013). Why do people tell the truth? Experimental evidence for pure lie aversion. Experimental Economics, 16, 233–247. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10683-012-9324-x

Mai, K. M., Ellis, A. P. J., & Welsh, D. T. (2015). The gray side of creativity. Exploring the role of activation in the link between creative personality and unethical behavior. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 60, 76–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2015.05.004

Mazar, N., Amir, O., & Ariely, D. (2008). The dishonesty of honest people. A theory of self-concept maintenance. Journal of Marketing Research, 45(6), 633–644. https://doi.org/10.1509/jmkr.45.6.633

Mead, N. L., Baumeister, R. F., Gino, F., Schweitzer, M. E., & Ariely, D. (2009). Too tired to tell the truth. Self-control resource depletion and dishonesty. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45(3), 594–597. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2009.02.004

Muehlheusser, G., Roider, A., & Wallmeier, N. (2015). Gender differences in honesty. Groups versus individuals. Economics Letters, 128, 25–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2014.12.019

Muñoz-Izquierdo, N., Liaño, B. G.-G. de, Rin-Sánchez, F. D., & Pascual-Ezama, D. (2014). Economists: Cheaters with altruistic instincts (Munich Personal RePEc Archive). Retrieved from https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/60678/

Pascual-Ezama, D., Fosgaard, T. R., Cardenas, J. C., Kujal, P., Veszteg, R., Gil-Gómez de Liaño, B., … Brañas-Garza, P. (2015). Context-dependent cheating. Experimental evidence from 16 countries. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 116, 379–386. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2015.04.020

Peeters, R., Vorsatz, M., & Walzl, M. (2015). Beliefs and truth-telling: A laboratory experiment. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 113, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2015.02.009

Piff, P. K., Stancato, D. M., Côté, S., Mendoza-Denton, R., & Keltner, D. (2012). Higher social class predicts increased unethical behavior. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 109(11), 4086–4091. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1118373109

Ploner, M., & Regner, T. (2013). Self-image and moral balancing. An experimental analysis. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 93, 374–383. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2013.03.030

Rhyne, W. J. (2008). Culture, self-orientation, and reward structure effects. Measuring cheating behavior in China and the USA (SSRN Working paper series). Retrieved from https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1931751

Rigdon, M. L., & D’Esterre, A. (2014). The effects of competition on the nature of cheating behavior. Southern Economic Journal, 81(4), 1012–1024. https://doi.org/10.4284/0038-4038-2012.301

Rode, J. (2010). Truth and trust in communication: Experiments on the effect of a competitive context. Games and Economic Behavior, 68(1), 325–338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geb.2009.05.008

Roeser, K., McGregor, V. E., Stegmaier, S., Mathew, J., Kübler, A., & Meule, A. (2016). The dark triad of personality and unethical behavior at different times of day. Personality and Individual Differences, 88, 73–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.09.002

Ruffle, B. J., & Tobol, Y. (2014). Honest on Mondays: Honesty and the temporal separation between decisions and payoffs. European Economic Review, 65, 126–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2013.11.004

Schurr, A., & Ritov, I. (2016). Winning a competition predicts dishonest behavior. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 113(7), 1754–1759. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1515102113

Shalvi, S., Dana, J., Handgraaf, M. J. J., & De Dreu, C. K. W. (2011). Justified ethicality: Observing desired counterfactuals modifies ethical perceptions and behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 115(2), 181–190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2011.02.001

Shalvi, S., Eldar, O., & Bereby-Meyer, Y. (2012). Honesty requires time (and lack of justifications). Psychological Science, 23(10), 1264–1270. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797612443835

Shalvi, S., Handgraaf, M. J. J., & De Dreu, C. K. W. (2011). Ethical manoeuvring: Why people avoid both major and minor lies. British Journal of Management, 22, S16–S27. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8551.2010.00709.x

Shalvi, S., & Leiser, D. (2013). Moral firmness. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 93, 400–407. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2013.03.014

Shu, L. L., & Gino, F. (2012). Sweeping dishonesty under the rug: How unethical actions lead to forgetting of moral rules. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 102(6), 1164–1177. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028381

Shu, L. L., Gino, F., & Bazerman, M. H. (2011). Dishonest deed, clear conscience: When cheating leads to moral disengagement and motivated forgetting. Personality and Social Pychology Bulletin, 37(3), 330–349. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167211398138

Shu, L. L., Mazar, N., Gino, F., Ariely, D., & Bazerman, M. H. (2012). Signing at the beginning makes ethics salient and decreases dishonest self-reports in comparison to signing at the end. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 109(38), 15197–15200. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1209746109

Sutter, M. (2009). Deception through telling the truth?! Experimental evidence from individuals and teams. The Economic Journal, 119(534), 47–60. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0297.2008.02205.x

Ter Meer, J. (2014). The indirect effect of monetary incentives on deception (CGS Working Paper). Retrieved from http://www.cgs.uni-koeln.de/fileadmin/wiso_fak/cgs/pdf/working_paper/cgswp_05-04.pdf

Thielmann, I., Hilbig, B. E., Zettler, I., & Moshagen, M. (2016). On measuring the sixth basic personality dimension: A comparison between HEXACO honesty-humility and Big Six honesty-propriety. Assessment, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191116638411

Utikal, V., & Fischbacher, U. (2013). Disadvantageous lies in individual decisions. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 85(1), 108–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2012.11.011

Vetter, S. (2012). Empirical studies of individual behavior. Cheating, corruption, and insurance choice. (Doctoral dissertation). Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Germany. Retrieved from https://edoc.ub.uni-muenchen.de/15005/

Wang, L., & Murnighan, J. K. (2016). How much does honesty cost? Small bonuses can motivate ethical behavior. Management Science, Advanced online publication. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2016.2480

Welsh, D. T., Ellis, A. P. J., Christian, M. S., & Mai, K. M. (2014). Building a self-regulatory model of sleep deprivation and deception: The role of caffeine and social influence. Journal of Applied Psychology, 99(6), 1268–1277. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0036202

Wibral, M., Dohmen, T., Klingmüller, D., Weber, B., & Falk, A. (2012). Testosterone administration reduces lying in men. PLOS ONE, 7(10), e46774. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0046774

Winterich, K. P., Mittal, V., & Morales, A. C. (2014). Protect thyself: How affective self-protection increases self-interested, unethical behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 125(2), 151–161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2014.07.004

Zettler, I., Hilbig, B. E., Moshagen, M., & de Vries, R. E. (2015). Dishonest responding or true virtue? A behavioral test of impression. Personality and Individual Differences, 81, 107–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.10.007

Zhong, C.-B. (2011). The ethical dangers of deliberative decision making. Administrative Science Quarterly, 56(1), 1–25.

Zhong, C.-B., Bohns, V. K., & Gino, F. (2010). Good lamps are the best police. Darkness increases dishonesty and self-interested behavior. Psychological Science, 21(3), 311–314. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797609360754